French chalk

August 5th, 2009 | yanglulu42

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French Chalk is a term used by Max Doerner is his book “The Materials of the Artist” which describes a calcium carbonate used to make traditional gesso grounds.

“Chalk, calcium carbonate, dissolves in acids with effervescence (the carbonic acid escapes). Chalk is unaffected alkalis. When heated it remains white. Impure sorts discolor; for example, when they contain iron, they turn red. When strongly heated, chalk is converted into quicklime. Oil colors which contain chalk “set” quickly in the tubes. Chalk is not poisonous and has little covering power. The whiter it is, the greater its value; therefore French Chalk is the best. Precipitated chalk is a very fine material. Gray chalks are not useful in grounds; they develop ugly dark spots when touched by oil.”

French chalk was a type of talc used by tailors for marking cloth, by cleaners for removing grease from cloth and as a dry lubricant in its powdered form.

French chalk has also historically been used for the repair of punctured inner tubes of pneumatic tires, such as are found on bicycles. A block of French chalk is typically included in proprietary puncture repair kits, which may include some means of generating a fine powder from the block, for example a small file or a roughened area on the metal case in which the repair kit may have been supplied. The French chalk prevents the repair from sticking to the tire.

Categories: Tires | Non-petroleum based lubricants

Hidden categories: Articles lacking sources from May 2008 | All articles lacking sources(and so on)

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Sutton Coldfield transmitting station

August 5th, 2009 | yanglulu42

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Sutton Coldfield



Location

Sutton Coldfield, England

Height of mast

245.0metres (804ft)

Grid reference

SK113003

Built

1949

BBC region

BBC West Midlands

ITV region

ITV Central

The Sutton Coldfield transmitting station is a broadcasting and telecommunications facility located in north Sutton Coldfield, in Birmingham, England.

Contents

1 History

2 Services

3 Digital switchover

4 See also

5 Further reading

6 References

7 External links

//


History

On December 17, 1949, it became the first television transmitter to broadcast outside London and the Home Counties, bringing BBC Television to viewers outside of the south-east of England for the first time.

A new mast was built around 1983 to replace the original structure, primarily to support new mixed-polarisation FM antennas.

Services

With a mast height of 245.0metres (804ft), it is one of the most powerful transmitters in England, powered at 1000 kilowatts ERP for analogue television and 250 kW for FM radio. The coverage extends as far south as Chipping Norton in Oxfordshire and as far north as Stoke-on-Trent. However, there are many relay transmitters around the Midlands that extend the coverage even further.

The transmitter broadcasts UHF analogue and six digital television multiplexes, as well as VHF or FM transmitters for the four BBC national stations, independent national station Classic FM, four local commercial radio stations (BRMB, 100.7 Heart FM, Kerrang 105.2 and Smooth Radio), the BBC’s local service WM and DAB (Digital Audio Broadcasting i.e. Digital Radio). Although many people think it broadcasts Five that programme (on UHF channel 37) is actually transmitted from Lichfield which is 4miles (6.4km) NE. When opened as a UHF TV transmitter Sutton Coldfield was a B group but with the advent of Digital broadcasting one of the 6 MUXES could not be fitted into the original B group due to co-channel issues. Thus MUX6 is transmitted slightly out of band on CH55 though this would still be receivable on most B group aerials as this graph makes clear. In July 2007 it was confirmed by Ofcom that Sutton Coldfield would return to an undisputed a B group transmitter after DSO (Digital Switchover).

An MF transmitter for Radio Birmingham (now Radio WM) used to be installed at this site, but could only be operated at 5 kW instead of the planned 10 kW because of interference to video equipment on the site. It was eventually replaced with a transmitter at the nearby Langley Mill MF site owned by Arqiva. This transmitter is currently used for the BBC Asian Network.

The station is now owned by National Grid Wireless, a subsidiary of National Grid plc, based in Warwick.

Digital switchover

Digital switchover is scheduled for the West Midlands in September 2011. In preparation for this, major engineering works will take place at Sutton Coldfield. The mast will be extended from its existing height of 245.0metres (804ft) to a new height of 270.5metres (887ft) and the existing analogue and digital television antennas will be replaced. In order to accomplish this, a temporary 240.2metres (788ft) mast is being constructed to broadcast all the area’s services so that the main mast is worked on ‘cold’.

See also

List of masts

List of tallest buildings and structures in Great Britain

List of radio stations in the United Kingdom

Further reading

Pawley, Edward (1972), BBC Engineering 1922 – 1972, London, BBC. pp 355, 368-70. ISBN 0-563-12127-0

Cooper, Ray (2006), Tales from a Cold Field.

References

^ http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/PSR/control/ Birmingham Council Planning Control: Application No. N/04511/07/FUL

External links

Transmission Gallery, Sutton Coldfield entry

Info and pictures of Sutton Coldfield transmitter (including co-receivable transmitters)

Coordinates: 5236?2?N 150?2?W? / ?52.60056 1.83389? / 52.60056; -1.83389



v?d?eBuildings in Birmingham, England

Highrise (in height order):

BT Tower 10 Holloway Circus Chamberlain Clock Tower Alpha Tower Orion Building Rotunda 103 Colmore Row Five Ways Tower Centre City Tower 1 Snow Hill Plaza Quayside Tower Colmore Gate McLaren Building Metropolitan House Edgbaston House Post & Mail Building Jury’s Inn

Notable lowrise:

17 Constitution Hill 17 & 19 Newhall Street Assay Office Baskerville House Central Library St. Chad’s Cathedral Council House Curzon Street station Great Western Arcade ICC Island House Mailbox St Martin in the Bull Ring Methodist Central Hall Millennium Point NIA Old Crown St. Philip’s Cathedral Birmingham Proof House Sarehole Mill Symphony Hall Town Hall Victoria Law Courts

Major railway stations:

Moor Street station New Street station Snow Hill…(and so on)

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Babe (Take That song)

August 5th, 2009 | yanglulu42

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abe



U.K. CD 1 cover

Single by Take Thatfrom the album Everything Changes

A-side

“Babe”

Released

December 13, 1993

Format

7″ vinyl, Maxi-CD, CD

Recorded

1993

Genre

Pop/Dance

Length

4:51

Label

Polydor

Writer(s)

Gary Barlow

Take That singles chronology

“Relight My Fire”(1993)

“Babe”(1993)

“Everything Changes”(1994)

Alternate Covers



U.K. Limited Edition CD 2 cover



E.U. CD single cover

“Babe” is a song by boyband Take That.

Contents

1 Song Information

2 Chart Performance

3 Tracklisting

4 Official Versions

5 References

//


Song Information

“Babe” was the fourth single from Take That’s second album Everything Changes. Written by Gary Barlow, it features Mark Owen on lead vocals. Released on December 13, 1993, it became Take That’s third single in a row to go straight to number one in the UK Singles Chart, knocking Mr Blobby’s novelty single off in the process. The following week however, Mr Blobby’s single climbed back to number one, denying Take That the Christmas number one place. The song was also the 14th biggest selling boyband single of the 90′s in the UK as stated by the Official UK Charts Company. The song has received a Platinum sales status certification for sales of over 600,000 copies in the UK.

Chart Performance

Chart (1993)

PeakPosition

German Singles Chart

9

Irish Singles Chart

1

Swedish Singles Chart

7

UK Singles Chart

1

Chart (1994)

PeakPosition

Austrian Singles Chart

12

Dutch Singles Chart

5

Norwegian Singles Chart

10

Swiss Singles Chart

8

Tracklisting

U.K. 7″ Vinyl (Limited edition with photo frame pack feat. Mark Owen)(182137)

“Babe” – 4:57

“All I Want Is You” – 3:21

E.U. CD single (74321 18285 2)

“Babe” (Return Remix) – 4:55

“All I Want Is You” – 3:21

U.K. CD single 1 (74321 18284 2)

“Babe” – 4:57

“All I Want Is You” – 3:21

“Pray” (Recorded Live On The Advision Mobile Studio) – 6:33

“Give Good Feeling” (Recorded Live On The Advision Mobile Studio) – 3:52

U.K. CD single 2 (Limited edition with calendar)(74321182132)

“Babe” – 4:57

“It Only Takes A Minute” – 3:47

“Give Good Feeling – 4:25

Official Versions

Album Version (4:57)

Return Remix (4:55)

Live at Berlin Deutschlandhalle (6:25)

Live From MTV’s “Most Wanted” (4:41)

References

^ lescharts.com – Take That – Babe

^ lescharts.com – Take That – Babe

^ Take That Babe – Mark Slv UK 7″ RECORD (29556)

^ Take That – Babe

^ Take That Babe UK 5″ CD SINGLE (24726)

^ Take That Babe – Calendar Pack UK 5″ CD SINGLE (23991)

Precededby”Mr Blobby” by Mr Blobby

UK Singles Chart Number 1 singleDecember 13, 1993 for 1 week

Succeededby”Mr Blobby” by Mr Blobby



v?d?eTake That

Gary Barlow Mark Owen Howard Donald Jason OrangeRobbie Williams

Studio albums

Take That & Party Everything Changes Nobody Else Beautiful World The Circus

Compilation albums

Take That: Greatest Hits Never Forget – The Ultimate Collection The Platinum Collection

Singles

“Do What U Like” “Promises” “Once You’ve Tasted Love” “It Only Takes a Minute” “I Found Heaven” “A Million Love Songs” “Could It Be Magic” “Why Can’t I Wake Up With You” “Pray” “Relight My Fire” “Babe” “Everything Changes” “Love Ain’t Here Anymore” “Sure” “Back for Good” “Never Forget” “How Deep Is Your Love” “Patience” “Shine” “I’d Wait for Life” “Reach Out” “Rule the World” “Greatest Day” “Up All Night” “The Garden”

Videos

Never Forget – The Ultimate Collection (DVD) Take That: For the Record Take That: The Ultimate Tour Beautiful World Live

See also

Take That discography Nigel Martin Smith John Shanks

Categories: Take That songs | Number-one singles in the United Kingdom | 1993 singles(and so on)

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Matrox G200

July 28th, 2009 | yanglulu42

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Matrox Millennium G200 AGP with 8MB SGRAM (1998)

The G200 is a 2D, 3D, and video accelerator chip for personal computers designed by Matrox. It was released in 1998.

Contents

1 History

2 Overview

3 Performance

4 G250

5 Models

6 References

7 External links

//


History

Matrox had been known for years as a significant player in the high-end 2D graphics accelerator market. Cards they produced were excellent Windows accelerators, and some of the later cards such as Millennium and Mystique excelled at MS-DOS as well. Matrox stepped forward in 1994 with their Impression Plus to innovate with one of the first 3D accelerator boards, but that card only could accelerate a very limited feature set (no texture mapping), and was primarily targeted at CAD applications.

Matrox, seeing the slow but steady growth in interest in 3D graphics on PCs with NVIDIA, Rendition, and ATI’s new cards, began experimenting with 3D acceleration more aggressively and produced the Mystique. Mystique was their most feature-rich 3D accelerator in 1997, but still lacked key features including bilinear filtering. Then, in early 1998, Matrox teamed up with PowerVR to produce an add-in 3D board called Matrox m3D using the PowerVR PCX2 chipset. This board was one of the very few times that Matrox would outsource for their graphics processor, and was certainly a stop-gap measure to hold out until the G200 project was ready to go.

Overview

With the G200, Matrox aimed to combine its past products’ competent 2D and video acceleration with a full-featured 3D accelerator. The G200 chip was used on several boards, most notably the Millennium G200 and Mystique G200. Millennium G200 received the new SGRAM memory and a faster RAMDAC, while Mystique G200 was cheaper and equipped with slower SDRAM memory but gained a TV-out port. Most G200 boards shipped standard with 8 MB RAM and were expandable to 16 MB with an add-on module. The cards also had ports for special add-on boards, such as the Rainbow Runner, which could add various functionality.

G200 was Matrox’s first fully AGP-compliant graphics processor. While the earlier Millennium II had been adapted to AGP, it did not support the full AGP feature set. G200 takes advantage of DIME (Direct Memory Execute) to speed texture transfers to and from main system RAM. This allows G200 to use system RAM as texture storage if the card’s local RAM is of insufficient size for the task at hand. G200 was one of the first cards to support this feature[citation needed].

The chip is a 128-bit core containing dual 64-bit buses in what Matrox calls a “DualBus” organization. Each bus is unidirectional and is designed to speed data transfer to and from the functional units within the chip. By doubling the internal data path with two separate buses instead of just a wider single bus, Matrox reduced latencies in data transfer by improving overall bus efficiency. The memory interface was 64-bit.

G200 supported full 32-bit color depth rendering which substantially pushed the image quality upwards by eliminating dithering artifacts caused by the then-more-typical 16-bit color depth. Matrox called their technology Vibrant Color Quality (VCQ). The chip also supported features such as trilinear mip-map filtering and anti-aliasing (though this was rarely used). The G200 could render 3D at all resolutions supported in 2D. Architecturally, the 3D pipeline was laid out as a single pixel pipeline with a single texture management unit. The core contained a RISC processor called the “WARP core”, that implemented a triangle setup engine in microcode.

G200 was Matrox’s first graphics processor to require added cooling in the form of a heatsink.

Performance

With regards to 2D, G200 was excellent in speed and delivered Matrox’s renowned analog signal quality. The G200 bested the older Millennium II in almost every area except extremely high resolutions. With 3D, it scored similar to but generally behind a single Voodoo2 in Direct3D, and was slower than NVIDIA Riva TNT and S3 Savage 3D. However, it was not far behind and was certainly competitive. G200′s 3D image quality was considered one of the best due to its support of 32-bit color depth (assuming driver bugs weren’t an issue).

G200′s biggest problem was its OpenGL support. Throughout most of its life G200 had to get by, in popular games such as Quake II, with a slow Direct3D-to-OpenGL wrapper driver. This was a layer that translated OpenGL to run on the Direct3D driver. This hurt G200′s performance dramatically in these games and caused a lot of controversy over continuing delays and promises from Matrox. In fact, it would not be until well into the life of G200′s successor, G400, that the OpenGL driver would finally be mature and fast.

Early drivers had some issues with Direct3D as well. In Unreal, for example, there were…(and so on)

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Mercedes-Benz Arena

July 28th, 2009 | yanglulu42

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(Redirected from Gottlieb-Daimler-Stadion)

Mercedes-Benz Arena

Full name

Mercedes-Benz Arena

Built

1933

Capacity

58,000

Tenants

VfB Stuttgart

The Mercedes-Benz Arena is a stadium located in Stuttgart, Germany. Before 1993 it was called Neckarstadion, named after the nearby river Neckar and between 1993 and July 2008 it was called Gottlieb-Daimler-Stadion. From the 2008-09 season, the stadium was renamed the Mercedes-Benz Arena, starting with a pre-season friendly against Arsenal on 30 July 2008.

Contents

1 History

2 International matches

3 Trivia

4 Sports other than football

5 Redevelopment

6 International tournaments matches

6.1 1974 FIFA World Cup

6.2 1988 UEFA European Championships

6.3 2006 FIFA World Cup

7 References

8 External links

//


History

The stadium was originally built in 1933 after designs by German architect Paul Bonatz. After It was built, it was named “Adolf-Hitler-Kampfbahn”. From 1945 to 1949 it was called Century Stadium and later Kampfbahn and was used by US Troops to play baseball.The name Neckarstation was used since 1949. It is home to VfB Stuttgart in the Bundesliga (and to the Stuttgarter Kickers when they played in the Bundesliga )

After a major refurbishment in the late 1980s and early 1990s partly financed by Daimler-Benz, the Stuttgart town council dedicated the stadium to Gottlieb Daimler. The inventor had tested both the first motorcycle and the first 4-wheel automobile there in the 1880s, on the road from Cannstatt to Untertkheim (now called Mercedesstra?e). The new museum, the headquarters and a factory of Mercedes-Benz are nearby.

The stadium capacity is currently around 58,000, after completion of the current refurbishment of the Eastern stand in 2005.

It is divided into four sections,

the Haupttribe (main stands), adjacent to Mercedesstra?e, housing VIP-lounges and press seats

the EnBW-Tribe (formerly Gegentribe, lit: opposite stands), currently named after VfB Stuttgart’s main sponsor EnBW

the Cannstatter Kurve (Cannstatt Curve), to the left of the Haupttribe, housing Blocks A, B, and C, occupied by the most devoted home fans, and one of two video walls

the Untertkheimer Kurve (Untertkheim Curve), to the right of the Haupttribne, housing the guest team’s fans (D-Block) and the second video wall

The Gottlieb-Daimler-Stadion features a unique roof construction, making it easily recognizable. Made of precision-tailored membranes of PVC-coated polyester, the roof tissue is durable enough to withstand 1,000kg of weight per square decimeter. It is suspended from an aesthetic steel frame that runs around the entire stadium weighing approximately 2,700 metric tons. The steel cables connecting the roof to the frame alone weigh about 420 tons. The roof wasn’t added until the refurbishment preceding the 1993 World Athletics Championships.

International matches

The Gottlieb-Daimler-Stadion hosted four matches of the 1974 FIFA World Cup, two matches of the 1988 UEFA European Football Championship (a 1st Round match and a semi-final) and six games of the 2006 FIFA World Cup, including a Round of 16 game and the third-place playoff match (see below for details).

The stadium also hosted the finals of the European Cup (now known as UEFA Champions League) in 1959 (Real Madrid vs. Stade de Reims) and 1988 (PSV Eindhoven vs. S.L. Benfica).

Trivia

As Stuttgart is located relatively close to Germany’s southern neighbors Switzerland, it has hosted a total of seven international football matches versus the Swiss since 1911.

Germany’s first international football match after World War II in 1950 (against Switzerland) was played at the stadium. The match attendance of 103,000 is the stadium record. The first match after the German reunification in 1990 (also versus Switzerland) took place at Daimler Stadium as well.

Klaus Fischer scored Germany’s “ARD Goal of the Century” here against the Swiss in 1977, with a bicycle kick (“Fallrkzieher”), his trademark move with which he also scored the important 3:3 equalizer in extra time (108th minute) at the 1982 FIFA World Cup vs France, but this was not among the Top 10 of the WC Goal of the Century.

With 115 m2 each, the stadium’s two video walls are the largest in Europe.

Along with the Olympiastadion Berlin, the Gottlieb-Daimler-Stadion was the only stadium hosting games during the 2006 FIFA World Cup whose name was not changed to FIFA World Cup Stadium XYZ, as the dedication to Gottlieb Daimler was not interpreted as advertisement (i.e. for DaimlerChrysler). All others, such as the Allianz-Arena in Munich or the AOL-Arena in Hamburg were obliged to remove all visual references to their stadiums’ name sponsors.

Sports other than football

The European…(and so on)

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FOTA is an acronym for Firmware Over-the-Air. It is used for upgrades to mobile phones and PDAs. Normally you have to go to a specific service center (every mobile brand has their own) to get a firmware upgrade. Or some phone models can be upgraded by connecting your phone via a cable to your PC. But both methods are considered inconvenient by consumers and also depend heavily on consumers to seek out the upgrade, and therefore the majority of mobile phone manufacturers and operators have now adopted FOTA technology for their handsets. If the mobile phone has FOTA capability, you can instead download the firmware upgrade directly from your mobile phone service provider. It also allows manufacturers and operators to “push out” firmware upgrades to ensure that mobile consumers have the latest software improvements, which helps reduce customer support costs and increase consumer satisfaction. The process typically takes between 3 and 10 minutes, depending on the size of the upgrade file and the speed of your wireless connection.

Open Mobile Alliance has released specification on Firmware Update Management which standardize the method for FOTA.

Most major mobile phone manufacturers provide information about software updating on their websites, typically in their customer support section. They usually list which handset models support over-the-air software updating (via FOTA) or which ones still require use of a cable-PC connection.

You can check to see if your mobile phone supports FOTA by searching through your phone’s menu. The feature goes by several names including Software Update, Firmware Update or Device Management.

ARCchart, a UK-based analyst firm, estimates that globally, at least 230 handset models have been released between 2003 and October 2006 that include FOTA support. By 2008, the firm forecasts that 50% of all handsets shipping will be FOTA-enabled. Of that figure, most mid-range and high-end handsets shipping will be FOTA-capable, in addition to a few low-end devices.

Current phone manufacturers that produce FOTA capable phones include LG, NEC, Nokia, Motorola, Sanyo, Sharp, Sony Ericsson, Toshiba, and others.

In its report, ARCchart reports that a number of vendors offer firmware update capable server and client technology. These can be categorized into three tiers:

FOTA update technology suppliers: HP, InnoPath, Insignia (acquired by Smith Micro) and Red Bend. All of these vendors provide client-server FOTA delivery and update technology, with the exception of Red Bend Software which focuses on client-side software.

Firmware delivery server vendors: HP, InnoPath and Mformation which offer FOTA delivery (and in some cases firmware lifecycle management) as part of a much broader MDM application suite.

MDM server vendors and integrators: Gemalto, HP and WDS Global who integrate or repackage firmware management server products from other vendors.

The major competitors in the FOTA client market are:

Mformation Technologies

Bitfone (acquired by HP in 2007 and is now HP Mobility Solutions)

InnoPath

Red Bend Software

Contents

1 Approaches

1.1 Patching

1.2 Padding

1.3 Computation

2 External links

3 See also

//


Approaches

There are three fundamentally different technological approaches to generating delta files and applying these files to the firmware image: patching, padding, and computation.

Patching

Patching involves inserting a jump instruction in the beginning of the block to be replaced, which points to the replacement block. The replacement block is appended to the image in a free expansion area. The drawback is that the updated image is not bit-for-bit identical to the original target version and requires excessive amounts of memory in real-world firmware deployments.

Padding

Padding involves adding excess memory or ads around firmware blocks that may be replaced. The challenge here is that it requires additional 10-20% of memory and introduces planning overheads in the manufacturer development process. In addition, memory blocks which are not padded cannot often be updated, which makes the approach impractical for non-sequential updates.

Computation

Computation processes the output from the software compiler and linker to generate optimized update instructions. This approach does not interfere with the development process, yet produces a bit-for-bit exact images. The computational approach allows for predictable firmware update sizes, supports non-consecutive version upgrades and unlimited updates per device.

External links

Open Mobile Alliance’s FUMO Test specification

See also

FUMO

SCOTA (Software Components OTA) is an evolution of FOTA. SCOTA treats the firmware as a set of individual components, to allow separate modification of each component…(and so on)

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Casket

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Not to be confused with Coffin.



A casket made of ivory with carved decoration and engraved silver.

Look up casket inWiktionary, the free dictionary.

A casket, or a jewellery box is a receptacle for trinkets and jewels. It may take a very modest form, covered in leather and lined with satin, or it may reach the monumental proportions of the jewel cabinets which were made for Marie Antoinette, one of which is at Windsor, and another at Versailles, the work of Schwerdfeger as cabinet maker, Degault as miniature painter, and Thomire as chaser.

Caskets are often made in precious materials, such as gold, silver or ivory. In ancient East Asia, caskets often made in wood, china, or covered with silk. Some of these caskets could be collected as decorative boxes.

Categories: Containers

Hidden categories: Articles lacking sources from January 2008 | All articles lacking sources(and so on)

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Black Rain (film)

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For the Shohei Imamura film of the same name, see Black Rain (Japanese film).

Black Rain

Directed by

Ridley Scott

Produced by

Stanley R Jaffee,Sherry Lansing

Written by

Craig Bolotin,Warren Lewis

Starring

Michael Douglas,Andy Garcia,Ken Takakura,Kate Capshaw

Music by

Hans Zimmer

Editing by

Tom Rolf

Distributed by

Paramount Pictures

Release date(s)

September 22, 1989

Budget

$14,000,000

IMDb

Black Rain is a 1989 American action-thriller film starring Michael Douglas, Andy Garcia, Ken Takakura, Kate Capshaw and Yusaku Matsuda. The film was directed by Ridley Scott.

The story is centered on two New York City police officers who arrest a member of the Japanese Yakuza and must escort him back to Japan. Once there, he escapes, and the two police officers find themselves dragged deeper and deeper into the Japanese underworld. This film illustrates the stereotypes of American and Japanese cops and gangsters. The film was nominated for Oscars in Best Sound and Best Sound Effects Editing.

Contents

1 Plot

2 Production notes

3 Box office performance

4 References

5 External links

//


Plot

Nick Conklin (Michael Douglas) is a skilled motorcyclist and a tough veteran New York City police officer facing possible criminal charges; Internal Affairs believes Nick might have been involved with his partner who was caught in a corruption scandal. Nick is divorced from his wife, who has custody of their two children, and he has money problems because of this.

While having a drink at a local Italian restaurant/bar, Nick and his partner Charlie Vincent (Andy Garcia) observe a group of Japanese having what appears to be a friendly lunch with some Italian gangsters. Nick is increasingly suspicious of the group until another Japanese man enters the restaurant with several armed henchmen and seizes a small package at gunpoint from the leader of the Japanese group. As the man turns to leave, one of the Japanese men at the table says something he finds insulting and he slashes the man’s throat, stabs another in the chest, and then walks out. Nick and Charlie follow immediately and, after a short chase, arrest the suspect after he nearly kills Nick.

The suspect turns out to be a Yakuza gangster by the name of Sato (Yusaku Matsuda). The situation is further complicated when Nick superior officer, Captain Oliver (John Spencer), tells him that Sato is to be extradited to Osaka and given to the police there. Nick is angry that Sato will not be tried for murder in the United States, but agrees to escort him to Japan. Nick captain also has an ulterior motive for sending Nick overseas, thinking it will keep Nick from causing more trouble and exacerbating the already biased Internal Affairs investigation of him.

When they arrive in Osaka, men identifying themselves as Japanese police immediately meet them on the plane, display a “transfer document” written in Japanese which turns out to be an insurance policy, and take Sato into their custody, leaving the plane by the rear exit. As Nick and Charlie are about to get off the plane themselves, another group of police enter from the front and identify themselves in English, indicating that the first “cops” were imposters.

Nick and Charlie are taken to the headquarters of the Osaka Prefecture of Police and questioned. They are also blamed for Sato escape. After much haranguing by Nick (who shows signs of xenophobia) towards the Japanese, who mostly refuse to acknowledge that they can speak English, he and Charlie are allowed to bserve the hunt for Sato. However, the senior police officer emphasises that they have no authority in Japan and are forbidden to carry their guns.

They are assigned to Masahiro Matsumoto, a mild-mannered and experienced officer, who will be their guide.

During the investigation Nick breaches protocol several times, offending Matsumoto. He also makes contact with an American blond nightclub hostess, Joyce (Kate Capshaw), who explain that the Japanese public, including the giggling hostesses in the club, all believe that Nick and Charlie are jokes because they allowed Sato to easily fool them and escape from custody, and represent American inefficiency and stupidity. Through her, Nick discovers that Sato is fighting a gang war with a notorious crime boss, Sugai (Tomisaburo Wakayama). Sato used to be an enforcer for Sugai and now wants his own territory to rule. Sato had traveled to New York to disrupt a meeting with American Italian gangsters about a counterfeiting scheme being set up by Sugai.

Late one night, Nick and Charlie walk back to their hotel slightly drunk and unescorted, despite several previous warnings about their safety from Matsumoto. They are harassed by a young punk on a motorcycle, and it seems to be a joke until the…(and so on)

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Keratin

July 24th, 2009 | yanglulu42

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Not to be confused with kerogen, carotene, creatine, or keratan sulphate.



Microscopy of keratin filaments inside cells.

Keratins are a family of fibrous structural proteins; tough and insoluble, they form the hard but nonmineralized structures found in reptiles, birds, amphibians and mammals. They are rivaled as biological materials in toughness only by chitin.

There are various types of keratins within a single animal.

Contents

1 Variety of animal uses

2 Cornification

3 Molecular biology and biochemistry

3.1 Glycine and alanine

3.2 Disulfide bridges

4 Silk

5 Pairing

6 Clinical significance

7 See also

8 Additional images

9 References

10 External links

//


Variety of animal uses

Keratins are the main constituent of structures that grow from the skin:

the ?-keratins in the hair (including wool), horns, nails, claws and hooves of mammals[verification needed]

the harder ?-keratins found in nails and in the scales and claws of reptiles, their shells (chelonians, such as tortoise, turtle, terrapin), and in the feathers, beaks, claws of birds and quills of porcupines. (These keratins are formed primarily in beta sheets. However, beta sheets are also found in ?-keratins.)

Arthropods such as crustaceans often have parts of their armor or exoskeleton made of keratin, sometimes in combination with chitin.

The baleen plates of filter-feeding whales are made of keratin.

They can be integrated in the chitinophosphatic material that makes up the shell and setae in many brachiopods.

Keratins are also found in the gastrointestinal tracts of many animals, including roundworms (which also have an outer layer made of keratin).

Although it is now difficult to be certain, the scales, claws, some protective armour and the beaks of dinosaurs would, almost certainly, have been composed of a type of keratin.

In Crossopterygian fish, the outer layer of cosmoid scales was keratin.

Cornification

It used to be thought that keratins were separable into ‘hard’ and ‘soft,’ or ‘cytokeratins’ and ‘other keratins’, but those designations are now understood to be incorrect. In 2006, a new nomenclature was adopted for describing keratins which takes this into account .

Keratins are intermediate filaments. Like all intermediate filaments, keratin proteins form filamentous polymers in a series of assembly steps beginning with dimerization; dimers assemble into tetramers and octamers and eventually, the current hypothesis holds, into unit-length-filaments (ULF) capable of annealing end-to-end into long filaments. During the process of epithelial differentiation, cells become cornified as keratin protein is incorporated into longer keratin intermediate filaments. Eventually the nucleus and cytoplasmic organelles disappear, metabolism ceases and cells undergo a programmed death as they become fully keratinized. In many other cells types, such as dermis, keratin functions in the cytoplasm to mechanically stabilize the cell against physical stress. It does this through connections to desmosomes, cell-cell junctional plaques, and hemidesmosomes, cell-basement membrane adhesive structures.

Cells in the epidermis contain a structural matrix of keratin which makes this outermost layer of the skin almost waterproof, and along with collagen and elastin, gives skin its strength. Rubbing and pressure cause keratin to proliferate with the formation of protective calluses useful for athletes and on the fingertips of musicians who play stringed instruments. Keratinized epidermal cells are constantly shed and replaced (see dandruff).

These hard, integumentary structures are formed by intercellular cementing of fibers formed from the dead, cornified cells generated by specialized beds deep within the skin. Hair grows continuously and feathers moult and regenerate. The constituent proteins may be phylogenetically homologous but differ somewhat in chemical structure and supermolecular organization. The evolutionary relationships are complex and only partially known. Multiple genes have been identified for the ?-keratins in feathers, and this is probably characteristic of all keratins.

Molecular biology and biochemistry

The properties which make structural proteins like keratins useful depend on their supermolecular aggregation. These depend on the properties of the individual polypeptide strands, which depend in turn on their amino acid composition and sequence. The ?-helix and ?-sheet motifs, and disulfide bridges, are crucial to the conformations of globular, functional proteins like enzymes, many of which operate semi-independently, but they take on a completely dominant role in the architecture and aggregation of keratins.

Glycine and alanine

Keratins contain a high proportion of the smallest of the 20 amino…(and so on)

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Ultraviolet (disambiguation)

July 24th, 2009 | yanglulu42

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Look up ultraviolet in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Ultraviolet refers to electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength shorter than that of visible light, but longer than soft X-rays.

Ultraviolet may also refer to:



Contents

1 Film and television

2 Music

3 Other uses

4 See also

//


Film and television

Ultraviolet (TV serial), a 1998 British television miniseries

Ultraviolet (film), a 2006 science fiction film

Ultraviolet (novelization), a 2006 novel adapted from the film

Ultraviolet: Code 044, a 2008 Japanese anime based on the film

Music

Ultraviolet (album), an album by All About Eve

Ultra Violet (Bananarama album)

“Ultraviolet (Light My Way)”, a song by U2

“Ultraviolet”/”Ballad of Paul K”, a single by McFly

Ultraviolet, an album by DJ Antoine

“Ultraviolet”, a song by Annetenna from Annetenna

“Ultraviolet”, a song by The B-52′s from Funplex

“Ultraviolet”, a song by Karl Bartos from Communication

“Ultraviolet”, a song by Romano Musumarra and Claudio Gizzi from Automat

“Ultraviolet”, a song by Joanna Pacitti from This Crazy Life

Other uses

Ultra Violet (Isabelle Collin Dufresne), French-American artist and author, a Warhol superstar

See also

UV (disambiguation)

Violet (disambiguation)

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

Categories: Disambiguation pages

Hidden categories: All disambiguation pages | All article disambiguation pages(and so on)

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